@article{ref1,
title="An evaluation of external cause-of-injury codes using hospital records from the Indian Health Service, 1985",
journal="American journal of public health",
year="1990",
author="Sniezek, Joseph E. and Colwell, L. S. Jr and Smith, Susan M.",
volume="80",
number="3",
pages="279-281",
abstract="To evaluate the usefulness of International Classification of Diseases external cause-of-injury and poisoning codes (E codes) for public health surveillance of nonfatal injuries, we analyzed E codes from Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital records. E codes for unknown or unspecified causes were used for 25 percent of records. At two hospitals, 63 percent of E codes assigned by independent coders agreed; another 18 percent matched on general cause-of-injury groups. With uniform guidelines and increased training, E coding could provide a valuable, cost-effective method of quantifying and characterizing severe, nonfatal injuries.",
language="",
issn="0090-0036",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}