@article{ref1,
title="Validity of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the prediction of driving test outcome",
journal="Journal of the American Geriatrics Society",
year="2015",
author="Hollis, Ann M. and Duncanson, Haley and Kapust, Lissa R. and Xi, Patricia M. and O'Connor, Margaret G.",
volume="63",
number="5",
pages="988-992",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of two cognitive screening measures, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in predicting driving test outcome for individuals with and without cognitive impairment. <br><br>DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A clinical driving evaluation program at a teaching hospital in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Adult drivers who underwent assessment with the MMSE and MoCA as part of a comprehensive driving evaluation between 2010 and 2014 (N = 92). MEASUREMENTS: MMSE and MoCA total scores were independent variables. The outcome measure was performance on a standardized road test. <br><br>RESULTS: A preestablished diagnosis of cognitive impairment enhanced the validity of cognitive screening measures in the identification of at-risk drivers. In individuals with cognitive impairment there was a significant relationship between MoCA score and on-road outcome. Specifically, an individual was 1.36 times as likely to fail the road test with each 1-point decrease in MoCA score. No such relationship was detected in those without a diagnosis of cognitive impairment. <br><br>CONCLUSION: For individuals who have not been diagnosed with cognitive impairment, neither the MMSE nor the MoCA can be reliably used as an indicator of driving risk, but for individuals with a preestablished diagnosis of cognitive impairment, the MoCA is a useful tool in this regard. A score on the MoCA of 18 or less should raise concerns about driving safety.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-8614",
doi="10.1111/jgs.13384",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13384"
}