@article{ref1,
title="Persistent sleep disturbances independently predict poorer functional and social outcomes 1 year after mild traumatic brain injury",
journal="Journal of head trauma rehabilitation",
year="2015",
author="Chan, Lai Gwen and Feinstein, Anthony",
volume="30",
number="6",
pages="E67-75",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of sleep disturbances on functional and social outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury. SETTING: Outpatient traumatic brain injury clinic in a tertiary trauma center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 374 mild traumatic brain injury patients were assessed within 3 months of injury and followed up every 3 months for 1 year. <br><br>DESIGN: Analysis of a historical cohort in a naturalistic clinical setting. MAIN MEASURES: At each visit, symptoms of concussion and psychological distress and indices of functional and social outcomes were measured with the Rivermead Postconcussion Questionnaire, 28-item General Health Questionnaire, and Rivermead Head Injury Follow-up Questionnaire, respectively. Changes in outcome scores over time were explored using repeated measures analysis of variance and compared between subjects with persistent (SD) and recovered (SR) sleep disturbances. Predictors of functional/social outcome were determined using linear regression. <br><br>RESULTS: The percentages of subjects reporting sleep disturbances at each time point were 71.9%, 57.2%, 55.1%, and 53.7%, respectively. For functional and social outcomes, significant effects of time (F3,315 = 9.54; P <.001), group (SD vs SR) F1,317 = 5.32; P =.022, and time X group interaction F3,315 = 4.14; P =.007 were found. Persistent sleep disturbance (P = 0.011) and higher symptom burden at 6 months postinjury (P <.0001) were independent predictors of poorer outcome. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Sleep disturbance, independent of psychological distress, is an important prognostic factor of functional and social outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0885-9701",
doi="10.1097/HTR.0000000000000119",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000119"
}