@article{ref1,
title="Integrated paratransit: myths and realities",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="1979",
author="Flusberg, Martin and Menhard, H. Robert and Walker, Joan M.",
volume="724",
number="",
pages="22-29",
abstract="A study that involved a systematic attempt to estimate all of the potential impacts of a range of integrated transit-paratransit options in a variety of settings is reported. The study concluded that, in some but not all instances, the benefits of integrated paratransit--in terms of improved service levels and mobility, reduced automobile expenditures, and other impacts--may justify system deficits. Necessary conditions for this include (a) high paratransit productivity, which could possibly be achieved by implementing hybrid fixed-route and demand-responsive service (such as checkpoint many-to-many), and (b) low operating costs, which might be achieved by contracting with private operators. Integrated paratransit was found to have a positive but insignificant impact on automobile use and ownership and no measurable impact on vehicle kilometers of travel, fuel consumption, or emissions. Areas that have population density of 1160-2300 persons/sq km (3000-6000 persons/sq mile) and limited existing transit service are promising locations for implementation of integrated paratransit service.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}