@article{ref1,
title="The black widow spider bite: differential diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment options",
journal="Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society",
year="2015",
author="Shackleford, Rodney and Veillon, Diana and Maxwell, Nicole and LaChance, Lisa and Jusino, Tamara and Cotelingam, James and Carrington, Patrick",
volume="167",
number="2",
pages="74-78",
abstract="Unrecognized and untreated black widow spider bites cause significant pain, impairment, and rarely death. The widow venom, a powerful neurotoxin known as a-latrotoxin, causes muscle pain, diaphoresis, tachycardia, flushing, and hypertension. Treatment is usually symptomatic with a combination of opioid analgesics and muscle relaxants. If symptom resolution fails, an equine IgG antiserum is available, but a high index of clinical suspicion coupled with a knowledgeable patient history often allows successful treatment, especially when the treating physician possesses awareness of this type of bite and its usual course and possible complications.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0024-6921",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}