@article{ref1,
title="Comparative study of ED mortality risk of US trauma patients treated at level I and level II vs nontrauma centers",
journal="American journal of emergency medicine",
year="2015",
author="Vickers, Brian P. and Shi, Junxin and Lu, Bo and Wheeler, Krista K. and Peng, Jin and Groner, Jonathan I. and Haley, Kathryn J. and Xiang, Huiyun",
volume="33",
number="9",
pages="1158-1165",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Prior studies of undertriage have not made comparisons across multiple trauma levels. <br><br>METHODS: Emergency department data was extracted from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for major trauma patients. We considered patients with moderate injuries (Injury Severity Score, ISS=16-24) and severe injuries (ISS=25-75) separately. Conditional logistic regression modeling was used to compare the odds of ED mortality for level I trauma centers (TC I) vs. nontrauma centers (NTC) and level II trauma centers (TC II) vs. NTC. An innovative 1:1:1 optimal matching (an extension of the traditional pair matching) was used to balance patient characteristics in three groups. To facilitate matching of all NTC patients, 3 subgroups were developed for ISS=16-24 and 2 subgroups for ISS=25-75. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the strength of the association between trauma center designation and ED mortality. <br><br>RESULTS: For ISS=16-24, 2 of 3 subgroups had marginally significant reduced odds of ED mortality when properly triaged (TC I vs. NTC [T1:OR=0.63; 95%CI: 0.45 - 0.89, T2:OR=0.71;95%CI:0.51-0.99]). For ISS=25-75, both subgroups had significantly reduced odds of emergency department mortality when properly triaged (H1: TC I vs. NTC [OR=0.61; 95%CI: 0.50-0.74]; TC II vs. NTC [OR=0.49; 95%CI: 0.38 - 0.63]; H2: TC I vs. NTC [OR=0.50; 95%CI: 0.41 - 0.60]; TC II vs. NTC [OR=0.42; 95%CI: 0.33 - 0.53]). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS for ISS 25-75 were robust to a hypothesized unobserved confounding variable as shown in sensitivity analysis. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Trauma patients with ISS≥25 received most benefit from proper triage. Efforts to reduce undertriage should focus on this population.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0735-6757",
doi="10.1016/j.ajem.2015.05.010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.05.010"
}