@article{ref1,
title="Testosterone intake and aggressiveness: Real effect or anticipation?",
journal="Aggressive behavior",
year="1994",
author="Bjorkqvist, Kaj and Nygren, T and Bjorklund, AC and Bjorkqvist, SE",
volume="20",
number="1",
pages="17-26",
abstract="In a double-blind experiment, human males (n = 27) were given either testosterone (40 mg/day), placebo, or no treatment, over a one week period. Subjective and observer assessed mood estimations were conducted before and after treatment. Testosterone levels in saliva were measured with radioimmunoassay. The results revealed a significant placebo effect [c.f. Medicine and Science in Sports 4:124-126]: After treatment, the placebo group scored higher than both the testosterone and the control group on self-estimated anger, irritation, impulsivity, and frustration. Observer-estimated mead yielded similar results. The lack of a placebo effect in the testosterone group is intriguing, and may be due to secondary effects caused by suppression of the body's own testosterone production, since recorded non-protein bound testosterone did not significantly rise due to treatment. The results suggest that androgen usage causes expectations, rather than an actual increase of aggressiveness.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0096-140X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}