@article{ref1,
title="National estimates of nonfatal firearm-related injuries: beyond the tip of the iceberg",
journal="JAMA journal of the American Medical Association",
year="1995",
author="Ryan, George W. and Gibson, D. R. and Mercy, James A. and Annest, J. Lee",
volume="273",
number="22",
pages="1749-1754",
abstract="OBJECTIVE--To describe the magnitude and characteristics of nonfatal firearm-related injuries treated in hospital emergency departments in the United States and to compare nonfatal injury rates with firearm-related fatality rates. DESIGN--Data were obtained from medical records for all firearm-related injury cases identified using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from June 1, 1992, through May 31, 1993. SETTING--NEISS comprises 91 hospitals that are a stratified probability sample of all hospitals in the United States and its territories that have at least six beds and provide 24-hour emergency service. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Numbers and population rates for nonfatal and fatal firearm-related injuries. RESULTS--An estimated 99,025 (95% confidence interval [CI], 56,325 to 141,725) persons (or 38.6 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 22.0 to 55.2) were treated for nonfatal firearm-related injuries in US hospital emergency departments during the study period. The rate of nonfatal firearm-related injuries treated was 2.6 (95% CI, 1.5 to 3.7) times the national rate of fatal firearm-related injuries for 1992. CONCLUSIONS--Nonfatal firearm-related injuries contribute substantially to the overall public health burden of firearm-related injuries. NEISS can be useful to monitor the number of nonfatal firearm-related injuries in the United States. A national surveillance system is needed to provide uniform data on firearm-related injury morbidity and mortality for use in research and prevention efforts.",
language="",
issn="0098-7484",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}