@article{ref1,
title="The estimated annual cost of ADHD to the US education system",
journal="School mental health",
year="2011",
author="Robb, Jessica A. and Sibley, Margaret H. and Pelham, William E., Jr. and Foster, E. Michael and Molina, Brooke S. G. and Gnagy, Elizabeth M. and Kuriyan, Aparajita B.",
volume="3",
number="3",
pages="169-177",
abstract="The purpose of this study was to examine and monetize the educational outcomes of students with ADHD. Data were examined from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study, a follow-up study of children diagnosed with ADHD in childhood and recontacted for follow-up in adolescence and young adulthood. A comprehensive educational history was obtained for all participants from Kindergarten through 12th grade. Annual economic impact was derived from costs incurred through special education placement, grade retention, and disciplinary incidents. <br><br>RESULTS indicated that, as compared to students without ADHD, students with ADHD incurred a higher annual cost to the US Education system. Specifically, a student with ADHD incurred an average annual incremental cost to society of $5,007, as compared with $318 for students in the comparison group. These results suggest that prevention and intervention strategies are greatly needed to offset the large financial impact of educating youth with ADHD.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1866-2625",
doi="10.1007/s12310-011-9057-6",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12310-011-9057-6"
}