@article{ref1,
title="Prescription monitoring programs and emergency department visits involving opioids, 2004-2011",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2015",
author="Maughan, Brandon C. and Bachhuber, Marcus A. and Mitra, Nandita and Starrels, Joanna L.",
volume="156",
number="",
pages="282-288",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) implementation and emergency department (ED) visits involving opioid analgesics. <br><br>METHODS: Rates of ED visits involving opioid analgesics per 100,000 residents were estimated from the Drug Abuse Warning Network dataset for 11 geographically diverse metropolitan areas in the United States on a quarterly basis from 2004 to 2011. Generalized estimating equations assessed whether implementation of a prescriber-accessible PDMP was associated with a difference in ED visits involving opioid analgesics. Models were adjusted for calendar quarter, metropolitan area, metropolitan area-specific linear time trends, and unemployment rate. <br><br>RESULTS: Rates of ED visits involving opioid analgesics increased in all metropolitan areas. PDMP implementation was not associated with a difference in ED visits involving opioid analgesics (mean difference of 0.8 visits [95% CI: -3.7 to 5.2] per 100,000 residents per quarter). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: During 2004-2011, PDMP implementation was not associated with a change in opioid-related morbidity, as measured by emergency department visits involving opioid analgesics. Urgent investigation is needed to determine the optimal PDMP structure and capabilities to improve opioid analgesic safety.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.024",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.024"
}