@article{ref1,
title="Moderate alcohol consumption is not associated with reduced all-cause mortality",
journal="American journal of medicine",
year="2015",
author="Goulden, Robert",
volume="129",
number="2",
pages="180-186.e4",
abstract="BACKGROUND: A large body of research suggests that light or moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced all-cause mortality. However, there remain concerns that the observed relationship is due to selection bias, misclassification of ex-drinkers, or residual confounding. <br><br>METHODS: The association between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality was analysed using Cox regression. The analysis was performed using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a longitudinal cohort of 24,029 individuals from a nationally representative sample of US adults aged over 50. Drinking level was based on alcohol consumption measured at three points over the 4 years prior to the start of followup. Occasional drinkers - those who reported drinking on at least one occasion, but always less than once per week - served as the reference category. There was extensive adjustment for sociodemographic variables, health status, and functional status. <br><br>RESULTS: During 206,966 person-years of follow up, 7,902 individuals died. No level of regular alcohol consumption was associated with reduced all-cause mortality. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) in fully adjusted analyses was 1.02 (0.94-1.11) for <7 drinks/week, 1.14 (1.02-1.28) for 7-<14 drinks/week, 1.13 (0.96-1.35) for 14-<21 drinks/week, and 1.45 (1.16-1.81) for ≥21 drinks/week. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Moderate alcohol consumption is not associated with reduced all-cause mortality in older adults. The previously observed association may have been due to residual confounding.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-9343",
doi="10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.013"
}