@article{ref1,
title="Longitudinal sex differences of externalising and internalising depression symptom trajectories: implications for assessment of depression in men from an online study",
journal="International journal of social psychiatry",
year="2015",
author="Rice, Simon M. and Fallon, Barry J. and Aucote, Helen M. and Möller-Leimkühler, AnneMaria and Treeby, Matt S. and Amminger, G. Paul",
volume="61",
number="3",
pages="236-240",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Clinical reports indicate that men tend to engage in a range of externalising behaviours in response to negative emotional states. Such externalising behaviours have been theorised to reflect a male sub-type of depression that is inconsistent with current diagnostic criteria, resulting in impeded detection and treatment rates of depressed men.  Aims: In addressing previous study design limitations, this article presents self-report longitudinal data for the multidimensional Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS-22) against ratings of diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder as assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression Module (PHQ-9). Longitudinal psychometric properties of the MDRS-22 are reported and symptom trajectories described.   Method: A sample of 233 adults (males = 125; 54%) completed measures of externalising and prototypic depression symptoms at Time 1, and again at Time 2 (15 weeks later). Psychometric properties were examined and within-subjects analyses undertaken.   Results: The MDRS-22 demonstrated stable internal consistency and test-retest correlations equivalent to those observed for the PHQ-9. Both prototypic and externalising depression symptoms increased with experiences of recent negative life events. Marked gender differences were observed. Males experiencing ≥ 2 stressful negative life events reported significantly higher MDRS-22 scores at both Time 1 and Time 2 relative to comparable females.   Conclusion: Findings contribute to the validity of the MDRS-22 as a measure of externalising depression symptoms. <br><br>RESULTS suggest that while both males and females experience externalising depression symptoms, these symptoms may be particularly elevated for men following experiences of negative life events. <br><br>FINDINGS suggest that externalising symptoms may be a special feature of depression for men. Given the problematic nature of such externalising symptoms (e.g. excessive substance use, aggression, risk-taking), their clinical assessment appears warranted.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0020-7640",
doi="10.1177/0020764014540149",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764014540149"
}