@article{ref1,
title="Associations between chronic diseases and choking deaths among older adults in the USA: a cross-sectional study using multiple cause mortality data from 2009 to 2013",
journal="BMJ open",
year="2015",
author="Wu, Wen-Shiann and Sung, Kuan-Chin and Cheng, Tain-Junn and Lu, Tsung-Hsueh",
volume="5",
number="11",
pages="e009464-e009464",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To examine whether the strengths of the associations between chronic diseases and overall choking differ from those of the associations between chronic diseases and only food-related choking. <br><br>DESIGN: This cross-sectional study used nationwide multiple cause mortality files. SETTING: The USA. PARTICIPANTS: Older adults aged 65 years or more died between 2009 and 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality ratio (observed/expected) of number of deaths from both causes (chronic diseases and choking) and 95% CIs. <br><br>RESULTS: We identified 76543 deaths for which the death certificates report choking (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes W78, W79 and W80 combined) as a cause of death and only 4974 (6.5%) deaths were classified as food-related choking (ICD-10 code W79). Schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and oral cancer are four chronic diseases that had significant associations with both overall and food-related choking. Stroke, larynx cancer and mood (affective) disorders had significant associations with overall choking, but not with food-related choking. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We suggest using overall choking instead of only food-related choking to better describe the associations between chronic diseases and choking.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2044-6055",
doi="10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009464",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009464"
}