@article{ref1,
title="A comparison of ocular radiation exposure utilizing three types of leaded glasses",
journal="Spine",
year="2015",
author="Waddell, Bradford S. and Waddell, W. Hunter and Godoy, Gustavo and Zavatsky, Joseph M.",
volume="41",
number="4",
pages="E231-6",
abstract="STUDY DESIGN: Anthropomorphic phantoms were used to measure radiation exposure to the surgeon phantom's eye. Groups analyzed were: Group 1 - no glasses (None); Group 2 - leaded lenses without lead sides (WOLS); Group 3 - leaded lenses with lead sides (WLS); Group 4 - sport wraparound leaded glasses (Sport). Glasses were 0.75 mm lead equivalent OBJECTIVE.: Evaluate the efficacy of three types of leaded eyeglasses at reducing radiation exposure to the lens during typical views of minimally invasive spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Minimally invasive spine surgery relies upon fluoroscopic x-ray. Ocular radiation exposure is associated with cataract formation. Leaded glasses can reduce ocular radiation exposure. <br><br>METHODS: Fifteen individual 20-second exposures with the fluoroscopic C-arm in the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral positions, with phantom head positioned at 0, 45, and 90 degrees to the fluoroscope were performed. Radiation was measured using a solid-state dosimeter. Student t-test was used to calculate significance. <br><br>RESULTS: All glasses (WOLS, WLS, Sport) had significant reductions in ocular radiation versus no glasses, at all individual head positions (p ≤ 1.31 × 10). Sport had significantly lower ocular radiation dose than WLS at all head positions except at 90 degrees AP (p = 0.001). WOLS had significantly lower ocular radiation dose than Sport in 3 out of 6 cases including phantom head at 0 degrees AP (p = 0.0003), 90 degrees AP (p = 4.46 × 10), and 90 degrees lateral (p = 7.38 × 10). WOLS had significantly lower radiation dosage at all head positions than WLS except at 45 degrees AP (p = 0.303). All glasses resulted in a significant reduction in total radiation dose from all head positions over no glasses (p ≤ 8.37 × 10). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a significant reduction in ocular radiation exposure with all three types of leaded glasses. Lead glasses without lead sides(WOLS) and the sport wraparound-type(Sport) were the most effective at reducing ocular radiation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0362-2436",
doi="10.1097/BRS.0000000000001204",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001204"
}