@article{ref1,
title="Changes in parents' spanking and reading as mechanisms for Head Start impacts on children",
journal="Journal of family psychology",
year="2015",
author="Gershoff, Elizabeth Thompson and Ansari, Arya and Purtell, Kelly M. and Sexton, Holly R.",
volume="30",
number="4",
pages="480-491",
abstract="This study examined whether Head Start, the nation's (USA) main two-generation program for low-income families, benefits children in part through positive changes in parents' use of spanking and reading to children. Data were drawn from the 3-year-old cohort of the national evaluation of the Head Start program known as the Head Start Impact Study (N = 2,063). <br><br>RESULTS indicated that Head Start had small, indirect effects on children's spelling ability at Age 4 and their aggression at Age 4 through an increase in parents' reading to their children. Taken together, the results suggest that parents play a role in sustaining positive benefits of the Head Start program for children's behavior and literacy skills, one that could be enhanced with a greater emphasis on parent involvement and education. (PsycINFO Database Record<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0893-3200",
doi="10.1037/fam0000172",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000172"
}