@article{ref1,
title="The validity of single-item patient-rated outcomes in concussed adolescent football athletes",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2015",
author="Valier, Alison R. and Welch Bacon, Cailee E. and Bay, R. Curtis and Houston, Megan N. and Valovich McLeod, Tamara C.",
volume="97",
number="7",
pages="1202-1205",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To determine the longitudinal and concurrent validity of single item patient-rated outcomes (PROs) in concussed adolescent football athletes. <br><br>DESIGN: Longitudinal. SETTING: Athletic training facilities. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 94 male adolescent interscholastic athletes (age=15.7±1.1y; grade=10.1±1.1), from a larger investigation, who suffered a sport-related concussion during football and had at least three follow-up assessments at 3, 10 and 30 days post-injury. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants were administered three Global Rating of Change questions, one generic (GROC), one for Daily Activities (GRODA), and one for Athletic Activities (GROAA), along with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS) and Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) at 3, 10, and 30 days post-concussion. Longitudinal validity was determined through a mixed linear model with random effects for subjects, with pairwise differences assessed using Bonnferoni-correction (P<0.05). Concurrent validity was determined by examining Spearman's Rho correlations between the single-item PROs and multi-item PROs. <br><br>RESULTS: All three single-item PROs improved over time, demonstrating longitudinal validity (p<0.001), except Day 10 vs Day 30 for the GROC (p=0.072). Fair to moderate correlations were identified between the single item-PROs and the PedsQL, MFS, and HIT-6. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The improvement of single-item PRO scores over a post-injury time period of 30 days suggests that these PROs respond as expected to patient recovery. The correlations identified between the single-item PROs and common multi-item PROs used in concussed athletes demonstrates concurrent validity. Thus, single-item PROs appear to measure patient progress in adolescent football athletes post-concussion.   Keywords: American football; <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="10.1016/j.apmr.2015.11.015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.11.015"
}