@article{ref1,
title="Death by homicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes between 2003 and 2013",
journal="British journal of sports medicine",
year="2015",
author="Rao, Ashwin L. and Poon, Steven and Drezner, Jonathan A. and Zigman, Monica and Asif, Irfan M. and Harmon, Kimberly G.",
volume="50",
number="3",
pages="172-175",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The incidence of homicide-related death among individuals of college age in the United States population is estimated at 15.5/100 000. The incidence of homicide among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes is unknown. <br><br>AIM: To investigate the rate of homicide-related death in NCAA athletes and to identify associated risk factors. <br><br>METHODS: The NCAA Resolutions list, NCAA catastrophic insurance claims, media reports, and published NCAA demographic data were used to identify student athlete deaths and total participant seasons from 2003-04 through 2012-13. Homicide-related deaths were analysed by sex, race, division, sport, method, location, and circumstance. Internet searches were used to gather case details. <br><br>RESULTS: Forty-two cases of homicide-related death were identified from 4 242 519 individual participant seasons during the ten-year study period. The incidence of homicide-related death in NCAA athletes was 1.0/100 000. The incidence in males was 1.45/100 000 and in females was 0.4/100 000 (relative risk (RR) 2.9, p=0.01). The incidence in black athletes was 4.2/100 000 and in white athletes was 0.4/100 000 (RR 7.0, p<0.001). The highest sport-specific homicide-related death rate was in American football (3.7/100 000), with a RR of 4.4 (p=0.002) compared to all other sports. 88% of cases occurred off-campus. 38% of cases occurred at a social gathering, and 38% of cases occurred in a place of residence. 74% involved a fatal shooting. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Homicide-related deaths in NCAA athletes occur most commonly in males, black athletes, and American football players. Understanding the incidence, risk factors, and circumstances of homicide-related deaths in college athletes may assist NCAA institutions in developing preventative measures. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: University of Washington Human Subjects Application, HSD No. 42077.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0306-3674",
doi="10.1136/bjsports-2015-095566",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095566"
}