@article{ref1,
title="Risk factors for fearful spells, panic attacks and panic disorder in a community cohort of adolescents and young adults",
journal="Journal of affective disorders",
year="2016",
author="Asselmann, Eva and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Lieb, Roselind and Beesdo-Baum, Katja",
volume="193",
number="",
pages="305-308",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Panic attacks (PA) and panic disorder (PD) as well as fearful spells only (FS-only, attacks of anxiety not meeting full criteria for PA or PD) increase the risk for various mental disorders. It is unclear so far whether FS-only, PA and PD share the same etiologies and risk factors. <br><br>METHODS: A representative community sample of adolescents and young adults (n=3021, aged 14-24 at baseline) was prospectively followed up over up to 10 years. Panic pathology and putative risk factors were assessed using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI and its embedded assessment modules and questionnaires. <br><br>RESULTS: In Cox regressions stratified by sex and age, female sex, parental anxiety and depression, behavioral inhibition, harm avoidance, lower coping-efficacy and parental rejection predicted the onset of FS-only, PA and PD (Hazard Ratios 1.2-3.0). Associations with other risk factors partially differed for FS-only, PA and PD and tended to be stronger for PA and PD than for FS-only. LIMITATIONS: No strictly prospective analytical approach was used. Time intervals between some risk factors and their retrospective assessment were relatively long. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that FS-only, PA and PD are etiologically similar and represent qualitatively equal, albeit differently severe forms of panic pathology that lie on different points of the same fear-panic dimension.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-0327",
doi="10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.046",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.046"
}