@article{ref1,
title="Bullying, physical aggression, gender-atypicality, and sexual orientation in Samoan males",
journal="Archives of sexual behavior",
year="2016",
author="Semenyna, Scott W. and Vasey, Paul L.",
volume="46",
number="5",
pages="1375-1381",
abstract="Bullying is characterized by the repeated attempts of a group or individual to gain social advantage by the use of relational, verbal, or physical aggression against a target, especially when there is a perceived or actual power imbalance (Espelage & Swearer, 2003). One consistent finding is that gay (i.e., androphilic) males report higher rates of victimization due to bullying in adolescence than their heterosexual (i.e., gynephilic) counterparts. Western data indicate that gender-atypical behavior, regardless of sexual orientation, is a key predictor of victimization due to bullying. Androphilic males generally display childhood gender-atypicality, including reduced levels of physical aggression, which may cause bullies to perceive them as &quot;easy&quot; targets. In order to test the associations between sexual orientation, childhood gender-atypicality, and recalled victimization due to bullying, a sample of Samoan gynephilic men (n = 100) were compared to a group of Samoan transgender androphilic males (n = 103), known as fa'afafine. Although the fa'afafine reported far more childhood gender-atypicality, the two groups did not differ significantly on measures of physical aggression or their reported rates of victimization due to bullying. Additionally, greater physical aggression, not gender-atypicality, was the only significant predictor of being bullied in both men and fa'afafine. These results suggest that there is nothing inherent in sexual orientation or childhood gender-atypicality that would potentiate victimization from bullying. Instead, the cultural context in which a bully functions influences the extent to which these are &quot;acceptable&quot; reasons to target certain individuals.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0004-0002",
doi="10.1007/s10508-015-0676-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0676-0"
}