@article{ref1,
title="Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study",
journal="JAMA pediatrics",
year="2016",
author="Kyu, Hmwe H. and Pinho, Christine and Wagner, Joseph A. and Brown, Jonathan C. and Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia and Charlson, Fiona J. and Coffeng, Luc Edgar and Dandona, Lalit and Erskine, Holly E. and Ferrari, Alize J. and Fitzmaurice, Christina and Fleming, Thomas D. and Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. and Graetz, Nicholas and Guinovart, Caterina and Haagsma, Juanita and Higashi, Hideki and Kassebaum, Nicholas J. and Larson, Heidi J. and Lim, Stephen S. and Mokdad, Ali H. and Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar and Odell, Shaun V. and Roth, Gregory A. and Serina, Peter T. and Stanaway, Jeffrey D. and Misganaw, Awoke and Whiteford, Harvey A. and Wolock, Timothy M. and Wulf Hanson, Sarah and Abd-Allah, Foad and Abera, Semaw Ferede and Abu-Raddad, Laith J. and Albuhairan, Fadia S. and Amare, Azmeraw T. and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. and Artaman, Al and Barker-Collo, Suzanne L. and Barrero, Lope H. and Benjet, Corina and Benseñor, Isabela M. and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. and Bikbov, Boris and Brazinova, Alexandra and Campos-Nonato, Ismael and Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A. and Catala-Lopez, Ferran and Chowdhury, Rajiv and Cooper, Cyrus and Crump, John A. and Dandona, Rakhi and Degenhardt, Louisa and Dellavalle, Robert P. and Dharmaratne, Samath D. and Faraon, Emerito Jose A. and Feigin, Valery L. and Fürst, Thomas and Geleijnse, Johanna M. and Gessner, Bradford D. and Gibney, Katherine B. and Goto, Atsushi and Gunnell, David and Hankey, Graeme J. and Hay, Roderick J. and Hornberger, John C. and Hosgood, H. Dean and Hu, Guoqing and Jacobsen, Kathryn H. and Jayaraman, Sudha P. and Jeemon, Panniyammakal and Jonas, Jost B. and Karch, André and Kim, Daniel and Kim, Sungroul and Kokubo, Yoshihiro and Kuate Defo, Barthelemy and Kucuk Bicer, Burcu and Kumar, G. Anil and Larsson, Anders and Leasher, Janet L. and Leung, Ricky and Li, Yongmei and Lipshultz, Steven E. and Lopez, Alan D. and Lotufo, Paulo A. and Lunevicius, Raimundas and Lyons, Ronan A. and Majdan, Marek and Malekzadeh, Reza and Mashal, Taufiq and Mason-Jones, Amanda J. and Melaku, Yohannes Adama and Memish, Ziad A. and Mendoza, Walter and Miller, Ted R. and Mock, Charles N. and Murray, Joseph and Nolte, Sandra and Oh, In-Hwan and Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola and Ortblad, Katrina F. and Park, Eun-Kee and Paternina Caicedo, Angel J. and Patten, Scott B. and Patton, George C. and Pereira, David M. and Perico, Norberto and Piel, Frédéric B. and Polinder, Suzanne and Popova, Svetlana and Pourmalek, Farshad and Quistberg, Duane Alexander and Remuzzi, Giuseppe and Rodriguez, Alina and Rojas-Rueda, David and Rothenbacher, Dietrich and Rothstein, David H. and Sanabria, Juan and Santos, Itamar S. and Schwebel, David C. and Sepanlou, Sadaf G. and Shaheen, Amira and Shiri, Rahman and Shiue, Ivy and Skirbekk, Vegard and Sliwa, Karen and Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. and Stein, Dan J. and Steiner, Timothy J. and Stovner, Lars Jacob and Sykes, Bryan L. and Tabb, Karen M. and Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman and Thomson, Alan J. and Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L. and Towbin, Jeffrey Allen and Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna and Vasankari, Tommi and Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy and Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich and Vollset, Stein Emil and Weiderpass, Elisabete and Weintraub, Robert G. and Werdecker, Andrea and Wilkinson, James D. and Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret and Wolfe, Charles D. A. and Yano, Yuichiro and Yip, Paul and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Yoon, Seok-Jun and Younis, Mustafa Z. and Yu, Chuanhua and El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa and Naghavi, Mohsen and Murray, Christopher J. L. and Vos, Theo",
volume="170",
number="3",
pages="267-287",
abstract="Importance:  The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce.  Objective:  To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged <5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study.  Evidence Review:  Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14 244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35 620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates.  Findings:  Of the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905 059 deaths; 95% UI, 810 304-998 125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38 325 deaths; 95% UI, 30 365-47 678), and road injuries among adolescents (115 186 deaths; 95% UI, 105 185-124 870). Iron deficiency anemia was the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95% UI, 618-621) million in 2013. Large between-country variations exist in mortality from leading causes among children and adolescents. Countries with rapid declines in all-cause mortality between 1990 and 2013 also experienced large declines in most leading causes of death, whereas countries with the slowest declines had stagnant or increasing trends in the leading causes of death. In 2013, Nigeria had a 12% global share of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections and a 38% global share of deaths from malaria. India had 33% of the world's deaths from neonatal encephalopathy. Half of the world's diarrheal deaths among children and adolescents occurred in just 5 countries: India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia.  Conclusions and Relevance:  Understanding the levels and trends of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adolescents is critical to guide investment and inform policies. Monitoring these trends over time is also key to understanding where interventions are having an impact. Proven interventions exist to prevent or treat the leading causes of unnecessary death and disability among children and adolescents. The findings presented here show that these are underused and give guidance to policy makers in countries where more attention is needed.p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2168-6211",
doi="10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276"
}