@article{ref1,
title="Diagnosis of cervical spine injuries in children: a systematic review",
journal="European journal of trauma and emergency surgery",
year="2013",
author="Schöneberg, C. and Schweiger, B. and Hussmann, B. and Kauther, M. D. and Lendemans, S. and Waydhas, C.",
volume="39",
number="6",
pages="653-665",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to discuss current knowledge of the diagnostic management of cervical spine (c-spine) injuries in children. <br><br>METHODS: Studies dealing with this topic were collected from the following sources: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Where possible, a meta-analysis was performed. Furthermore, the level of evidence for all the included publications was assigned. <br><br>RESULTS: The incidence of cervical spine injury (CSI) in children is rare (1.39 %). It seems that the upper c-spine is more often injured in children younger than 8 years of age. When a CSI is expected, immobilization should be performed. The best immobilization is achieved with a combination of a half-spine board, rigid collar, and tape. The literature for thoracic elevation or an occipital recess in children younger than 8 years of age is inhomogeneous. The c-spine in children can be cleared by a combination of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) low-risk criteria and the Canadian C-Spine Rule. Caution is advised for nonverbal and/or unconscious children. In these children, plain radiographs should be performed. If these images are inadequate or show hints for bony injuries, a computed tomography (CT) of the c-spine should be considered. Additional views of the c-spine offer only little information for clearing the c-spine.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1863-9933",
doi="10.1007/s00068-013-0295-1",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00068-013-0295-1"
}