@article{ref1,
title="Genome-wide changes in peripheral gene expression following sports-related concussion",
journal="Journal of neurotrauma",
year="2016",
author="Merchant-Borna, Kian and Lee, Hyunhwa and Wang, Dan and Bogner, Viktoria and van Griensven, Martijn and Gill, Jessica and Bazarian, Jeffrey J.",
volume="33",
number="17",
pages="1576-1585",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To identify genome-wide changes in peripheral gene expression before and after sports-related concussion (SRC).     Design, Setting, and Participants: 253 collegiate contact athletes underwent collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before the sport season (baseline). Sixteen athletes who subsequently developed a SRC, along with 16 non-concussed teammate controls, underwent repeat collection of PBMC within 6 hours of injury (acutely). Concussed athletes underwent additional sample collection at 7 days post-injury (sub-acutely).     Main Outcomes and Measures: mRNA expression at baseline was compared to mRNA expression acutely and sub-acutely post-SRC. To estimate the contribution of physical exertion to gene changes, baseline samples from athletes who subsequently developed a SRC were compared to samples from uninjured teammate controls collected at the acute timepoint. Clinical outcome was determined by changes in post-concussive symptoms, postural stability, and cognition from baseline to the sub-acute time point.    Results: SRC athletes had significant changes in mRNA expression at both the acute and sub-acute time points. There were no significant expression changes among controls. Acute transcriptional changes centered on interleukins 6 and 12, toll-like receptor 4, and NF-κB. Sub-acute gene expression changes centered on NF-κB, follicle stimulating hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, and protein kinase catalytic subunit. All SRC athletes were clinically back to baseline by day 7.     Conclusions and Relevance: Acute post-SRC transcriptional changes reflect regulation of the innate immune response and the transition to adaptive immunity. By 7 days, transcriptional activity is centered on regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Future efforts to compare expressional changes in fully recovered athletes to those who don't recover from SRC could suggest putative targets for therapeutic intervention.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0897-7151",
doi="10.1089/neu.2015.4191",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.4191"
}