@article{ref1,
title="Differential effectiveness of Head Start in urban and rural communities",
journal="Journal of applied developmental psychology",
year="2016",
author="McCoy, Dana Charles and Morris, Pamela A. and Connors, Maia C. and Gomez, Celia J. and Yoshikawa, Hirokazu",
volume="43",
number="",
pages="29-42",
abstract="Recent research suggests that Head Start may be differentially effective in improving low-income children's early language and literacy skills based on a number of individual- and family-level characteristics. Using data from the Head Start Impact Study (n = 3503; 50% male, 63% treatment group), the present study extends this work to consider program impact variation based on centers' location in urban versus rural communities. <br><br>RESULTS indicate that Head Start is more effective in increasing children's receptive vocabulary (as measured by the PPVT) in urban areas and their oral comprehension (as measured by the Woodcock-Johnson Oral Comprehension task) in rural areas. Additional analyses suggest that related characteristics of the center - including concentration of dual language learners and provision of transportation services - may underlie these associations. Implications for research on program evaluation and policy are discussed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0193-3973",
doi="10.1016/j.appdev.2015.12.007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2015.12.007"
}