@article{ref1,
title="Incidence and factors associated with concussion injuries at the 2011 to 2014 South African Rugby Union Youth Week Tournaments",
journal="Clinical journal of sport medicine",
year="2016",
author="Mc Fie, Sarah and Brown, James and Hendricks, Sharief and Posthumus, Michael and Readhead, Clint and Lambert, Mike and September, Alison V. and Viljoen, Wayne",
volume="26",
number="5",
pages="398-404",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To determine the concussion incidence and to identify factors associated with concussion in South African youth rugby union players.   Design: Prospective cohort study.   Setting: Injury surveillance was completed at the South African Rugby Union Youth Week tournaments (under-13, under-16, and under-18 age groups).   Participants: South African youth rugby union players. A total of 7216 players participated in 531 matches between 2011 and 2014.   Interventions: None.   Main Outcome Measures: Concussion incidence was calculated per 1000 player-match-hours with 95% CIs. Poisson regression was used to calculate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) between factors (age, time period, playing position, and activity at the time of concussion) potentially associated with concussions.   Results: The concussion incidence was 6.8/1000 player-match-hours (95% CI, 5.5-8.1) across all age groups. Under-13s (IRR, 1.5; P = 0.09) and under-16s (IRR, 1.7; P = 0.03) had higher concussion incidence rates than the under-18 age group. The incidence was higher in the third (IRR, 2.1; P = 0.04) and fourth (IRR, 2.5; P = 0.01) quarters of matches compared with the first quarter. Sixty-two percent of concussions occurred in the tackle situation. The tackler had a 4-fold greater concussion rate (IRR, 4.3; P < 0.001) compared with the ball carrier. The hooker and loose forwards had higher incidence rates than several other player positions (P < 0.05).   Conclusions: The reported concussion incidence falls within the broad range previously reported in youth rugby. The evidence highlighted in this study may contribute to targeted concussion prevention strategies and provide a baseline against which the effectiveness of future interventions can be measured.   Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1050-642X",
doi="10.1097/JSM.0000000000000276",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000276"
}