@article{ref1,
title="Alcohol policies and impaired driving in the United States: effects of driving- vs. drinking-oriented policies",
journal="International journal of alcohol and drug research",
year="2015",
author="Xuan, Ziming and Blanchette, Jason G. and Nelson, Toben F. and Heeren, Timothy C. and Nguyen, Thien H. and Naimi, Timothy S.",
volume="4",
number="2",
pages="119-130",
abstract="AIMS: To test the hypotheses that stronger policy environments are associated with less impaired driving and that driving-oriented and drinking-oriented policy subgroups are independently associated with impaired driving. <br><br>DESIGN: State-level data on 29 policies in 50 states from 2001-2009 were used as lagged exposures in generalized linear regression models to predict self-reported impaired driving. SETTING: Fifty United States and Washington, D.C. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,292,245 adults (≥ 18 years old) biennially from 2002-2010. MEASURES: Alcohol Policy Scale scores representing the alcohol policy environment were created by summing policies weighted by their efficacy and degree of implementation by state-year. Past-30-day alcohol-impaired driving from 2002-2010 was obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys. <br><br>FINDINGS: Higher Alcohol Policy Scale scores are strongly associated with lower state-level prevalence and individual-level risk of impaired driving. After accounting for driving-oriented policies, drinking-oriented policies had a robust independent association with reduced likelihood of impaired driving. Reduced binge drinking mediates the relationship between drinking-oriented policies and impaired driving, and driving-oriented policies reduce the likelihood of impaired driving among binge drinkers. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to reduce alcohol-impaired driving should focus on reducing excessive drinking in addition to preventing driving among those who are impaired.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1925-7066",
doi="10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.205",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.205"
}