@article{ref1,
title="Trends in alcohol use during moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: 18 years of neurotrauma in Pennsylvania",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2016",
author="Bernier, R. A. and Hillary, F. G.",
volume="30",
number="4",
pages="414-421",
abstract="PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Alcohol is a known risk factor for TBI, yet little is known about how rates of alcohol use at time of injury differ across demographics and the stability of alcohol-related injury over time. Further, findings examining the relationship between alcohol and outcome are mixed. This study aimed to examine changes in alcohol-positive moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (+aTBI) over two decades with focus on demographic factors, changes in +aTBI frequency over time, mortality and acute outcome. <br><br>METHODS: This retrospective study examined data collected from 1992-2009 by the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study (PTOS). <br><br>RESULTS: Results reveal that the proportion of +aTBI has been generally stable across years. However, there is an interaction of +aTBI incidence with mechanism of injury and age, with a downward trend in +aTBI within MVA and fall and individuals 18-30 and 71+ years. Further, consistent with several findings in the literature, alcohol was associated with higher rates of survival and better FSD scores during acute recovery. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study discusses findings in the context of a greater literature on TBI-related alcohol and outcome. The injury-alcohol profiles highlighted could be used to inform future allocation of resources toward prevention of, intervention for and care of individuals who sustain TBI.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.3109/02699052.2015.1127998",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2015.1127998"
}