@article{ref1,
title="Angled shots onto body armour using 9 mm ammunition: the effect on potential blunt injury",
journal="Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps",
year="2016",
author="Lyall, Alison and Carr, Debra J. and Lankester, C. and Malbon, C.",
volume="163",
number="1",
pages="35-38",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: Some military specialists wear body armour that is more similar to police armour and provides protection from ammunition fired from pistols. During ballistic testing, these armours are mounted on a standardised type of modelling clay and the back face signature (BFS; depth of depression) formed as a result of the non-perforating impact event on to the armour is measured. This study investigated the effect of impact angle on the BFS and on the deformation of the bullet. <br><br>METHODS: Two commonly worn types of armour (HG1/A+KR1 and HG1+KR1) were considered that provide protection from pistol ammunition and sharp weapons. Armours were tested against two types of pistol ammunition (9 mm full metal jacket and 9 mm hollow point) at eight different impact angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 70°, 75° and 80°). <br><br>RESULTS: Increased impact angles resulted in smaller BFSs. Impact angle also affected whether bullets were retained in the armour; as the impact angle increased, the probability of a round exiting the side of the armour increased. Bullet deformation was affected by impact angle. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the deformation of bullets may assist with recreating a shooting incident and interpreting forensic evidence.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0035-8665",
doi="10.1136/jramc-2015-000575",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2015-000575"
}