@article{ref1,
title="Frictional characteristics of sand and sand-deicer mixtures on bare ice",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="1997",
author="Hossain, Mazeda and Bajorski, Peter and Yang, Wei-Shih",
volume="1585",
number="",
pages="30-38",
abstract="Frictional characteristics of sand and sand-deicer mixtures were investigated as functions of temperature, gradation, and application rate. <br><br>RESULTS of a laboratory cold-room study in which sliding friction was measured with a British pendulum tester are described. Four temperatures, three sand gradations, four brine concentrations, and four sand-application rates were investigated. All tests were performed on an ice sheet in a cold room, where sand temperatures were maintained close to ice temperatures. Three categories of materials were tested: sand alone, sand-salt mixtures, and sand-brine mixtures. <br><br>RESULTS showed that sand-brine mixtures outperformed the other two, with significantly greater sliding friction. Two brine concentrations were found suitable in two temperature ranges. Below -12°C, 2.5 percent brine (by weight) gave good results with a fine sand (passing the No. 30 U.S. sieve but retained on the No. 50 sieve) at a sand application rate of 1 g over a test area of 100 x 200 mm, with a sand-to-brine ratio of 1:1 by weight. This rate is equivalent to field application of 183 kg of sand per lane-km. Friction was achieved by generating a bond between sand and ice by using a low-concentration brine (2.5 percent by weight). At temperatures above -12°C, satisfactory results also were obtained with 25 percent brine mixed with the same sand at a ratio of 2:1 by weight. In this case, friction was increased by roughening the ice surface with a higher-concentration brine (25 percent by weight).<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="10.3141/1585-05",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1585-05"
}