@article{ref1,
title="Factors associated with long-term functional and psychological outcomes in persons with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury",
journal="Journal of rehabilitation medicine",
year="2016",
author="Khan, Fary and Amatya, Bhasker and Judson, Rodney and Chung, Pearl and Truesdale, Melinda and Elmalik, Alaeldin and Galea, Mary P.",
volume="48",
number="5",
pages="442-448",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine factors impacting long-term functional and psychological outcomes in persons with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. <br><br>METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study (n = 103) assessed the long-term (up to 5 years) impact of traumatic brain injury on participants' current activity and restriction in participation using validated questionnaires. <br><br>RESULTS: Participants' median age was 49.5 years (interquartile range (IQR) 20.4-23.8), the majority were male (77%), and 49% had some form of previous rehabilitation. The common causes of traumatic brain injury were falls (42%) and motor vehicle accidents (27%). Traumatic brain injury-related symptoms were: pain/headache (47%), dizziness (36%), bladder/bowel impairment (34%), and sensory-perceptual deficits (34%). Participants reported minimal change in their physical function and cognition (Functional Assessment Measure: motor (median 102, IQR 93-111) and cognition (median 89, IQR 78-95)). Participants were well-adjusted to community-living; however, they reported high levels of depression. Factors significantly associated with poorer current level of functioning/well-being included: older age (≥ 60 years), presence of traumatic brain injury-related symptoms, a lack of previous rehabilitation and those classified in &quot;severe disability categories&quot; at admission. Caregivers reported high levels of strain and burden (55%). <br><br>CONCLUSION: Cognitive and psychosocial problems are more commonly reported than physical disability in the longer-term. A greater focus on participation and ageing with disability in these persons is needed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1650-1977",
doi="10.2340/16501977-2084",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2084"
}