@article{ref1,
title="The introduction of a potentially abuse deterrent oxycodone formulation: early findings from the Australian National Opioid Medications Abuse Deterrence (NOMAD) study",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2015",
author="Degenhardt, Louisa and Bruno, Raimondo and Ali, Robert and Lintzeris, Nicholas and Farrell, Michael and Larance, Briony",
volume="151",
number="",
pages="56-67",
abstract="Background There is increasing concern about tampering of pharmaceutical opioids. We describe early findings from an Australian study examining the potential impact of the April 2014 introduction of an abuse-deterrent sustained-release oxycodone formulation (Reformulated OxyContin®).  Methods Data on pharmaceutical opioid sales; drug use by people who inject drugs regularly (PWID); client visits to the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC); and last drug injected by clients of inner-Sydney needle-syringe programmes (NSPs) were obtained, 2009-2014. A cohort of n = 606 people tampering with pharmaceutical opioids was formed pre-April 2014, and followed up May-August 2014.  Results There were declines in pharmacy sales of 80 mg OxyContin® post-introduction of the reformulated product, the dose most commonly diverted and injected by PWID. Reformulated OxyContin® was among the least commonly used and injected drugs among PWID. This was supported by Sydney NSP data. There was a dramatic reduction in MSIC visits for injection of OxyContin® post-introduction of the new formulation (from 62% of monthly visits pre-introduction to 5% of visits, August 2014). The NOMAD cohort confirmed a reduction in OxyContin® use/injection post-introduction. Reformulated OxyContin® was cheaper and less attractive for tampering than Original OxyContin®.  Conclusions These data suggest that, in the short term, introduction of an abuse-deterrent formulation of OxyContin® in Australia was associated with a reduction in injection of OxyContin®, with no clear switch to other drugs. Reformulated OxyContin®, in this short follow-up, does not appear to be considered as attractive for tampering.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.038",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.038"
}