@article{ref1,
title="Stressful events in early childhood and developmental trajectories of bedwetting at school age",
journal="Journal of pediatric psychology",
year="2016",
author="Joinson, Carol and Sullivan, Sarah and von Gontard, Alexander and Heron, Jon",
volume="41",
number="9",
pages="1002-1010",
abstract="OBJECTIVE : To examine whether early stressful events are associated with developmental trajectories of bedwetting.  METHODS : This is a prospective cohort study comprising 8,761 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Stressful events were measured using a maternal questionnaire completed at 3 time points before their child was 4 years old. The association between stressful events and trajectories of bedwetting from 4 to 9 years was examined using multinomial regression.  RESULTS : The association with stressful events was strongest for the frequent persistent bedwetting trajectory (wetting at least twice a week up to age 9). A 1 standard deviation increase in the stressful events score was associated with a 29% (13-47%) increase in the odds of experiencing frequent persistent bedwetting compared with normal attainment of nighttime bladder control.  CONCLUSIONS : Clinicians and parents should be aware that continence is a developmental outcome that is associated with high levels of stress in the family.<br><br>© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0146-8693",
doi="10.1093/jpepsy/jsw025",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsw025"
}