@article{ref1,
title="Police officers who responded to 9/11: comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety 10-11 years later",
journal="American journal of industrial medicine",
year="2016",
author="Bowler, Rosemarie M. and Kornblith, Erica S. and Li, Jiehui and Adams, Shane W. and Gocheva, Vihra V. and Schwarzer, Ralf and Cone, James E.",
volume="59",
number="6",
pages="425-436",
abstract="BACKGROUND: After the 9/11/2001 World Trade Center (WTC) attack, many police-responders developed PTSD and might be vulnerable to develop depression and/or anxiety. Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and/or anxiety is examined. <br><br>METHOD: Police enrollees (N = 1,884) from the WTC Health Registry were categorized into four groups based on comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD were used. Depression (PHQ-8) and anxiety (GAD-7) were assessed with standardized psychometric inventories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify putative risk factors associated with comorbidity of PTSD. <br><br>RESULTS: Of 243 (12.9% of total) police with probable PTSD, 21.8% had probable PTSD without comorbidity, 24.7% had depression, 5.8% had anxiety, and 47.7% had comorbid depression and anxiety. Risk factors for comorbid PTSD, depression, and anxiety include being Hispanic, decrease in income, experiencing physical injury on 9/11, experiencing stressful/traumatic events since 9/11, and being unemployed/retired. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Nearly half of police with probable PTSD had comorbid depression and anxiety. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<br><br>© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0271-3586",
doi="10.1002/ajim.22588",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22588"
}