@article{ref1,
title="Safe-play knowledge, aggression, and head-impact biomechanics in adolescent ice hockey players",
journal="Journal of athletic training",
year="2016",
author="Schmidt, Julianne D. and Pierce, Alice F. and Guskiewicz, Kevin M. and Register-Mihalik, Johna K. and Pamukoff, Derek N. and Mihalik, Jason P.",
volume="51",
number="5",
pages="366-372",
abstract="CONTEXT:  Addressing safe-play knowledge and player aggression could potentially improve ice hockey sport safety. <br><br>OBJECTIVES:  To compare (1) safe-play knowledge and aggression between male and female adolescent ice hockey players and (2) head-impact frequency and severity between players with high and low levels of safe-play knowledge and aggression during practices and games. <br><br>DESIGN:  Cohort study. SETTING:  On field. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS:  Forty-one male (n = 29) and female (n = 12) adolescent ice hockey players. INTERVENTION(S):  Players completed the Safe Play Questionnaire (0 = less knowledge, 7 = most knowledge) and Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale (12 = less aggressive, 60 = most aggressive) at midseason. Aggressive penalty minutes were recorded throughout the season. The Head Impact Telemetry System was used to capture head-impact frequency and severity (linear acceleration [g], rotational acceleration [rad/s(2)], Head Impact Technology severity profile) at practices and games. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):  One-way analyses of variance were used to compare safe play knowledge and aggression between sexes. Players were categorized as having high or low safe-play knowledge and aggression using a median split. A 2 × 2 mixed-model analysis of variance was used to compare head-impact frequency, and random-intercepts general linear models were used to compare head-impact severity between groups (high, low) and event types (practice, game). <br><br>RESULTS:  Boys (5.8 of 7 total; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3,6.3) had a trend toward better safe-play knowledge compared with girls (4.9 of 7 total; 95% CI = 3.9,5.9; F1,36 = 3.40, P =.073). Less aggressive male players sustained significantly lower head rotational accelerations during practices (1512.8 rad/s(2), 95% CI = 1397.3, 1637.6 rad/s(2)) versus games (1754.8 rad/s(2), 95% CI = 1623.9, 1896.2 rad/s(2)) and versus high aggression players during practices (1773.5 rad/s(2), 95% CI = 1607.9, 1956.3 rad/s(2); F1,26 = 6.04, P =.021). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS:  Coaches and sports medicine professionals should ensure that athletes of all levels, ages, and sexes have full knowledge of safe play and should consider aggression interventions for reducing head-impact severity among aggressive players during practice.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1062-6050",
doi="10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.04",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.04"
}