@article{ref1,
title="Responses to visual, tactile and visual-tactile forward collision warnings while gaze on and off the road",
journal="Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour",
year="2016",
author="Lylykangas, Jani and Surakka, Veikko and Salminen, Katri and Farooq, Ahmed and Raisamo, Roope",
volume="40",
number="",
pages="68-77",
abstract="The objective of the current driving simulator study (N = 20) was to assess brake reaction time (BRT) and subjective experiences of visual (V), tactile (T), and visual-tactile (VT) collision warnings when the drivers' visual orientation was manipulated between four locations (i.e., road and three different mirror locations). V warning was a blinking light in a windscreen, T warning was implemented by a vibrating accelerator pedal, and VT warning was their synchronous combination. The results showed that all the warning stimuli were detected in 100% accuracy in all visual orientations, but T and VT warnings produced significantly faster BRTs when compared to V warning. It was found that BRT to V warning was the slowest while observing the furthermost side mirror. However, BRTs following T and VT warnings remained unaffected by the visual orientations. Both the objective BRT measurements and subjective evaluations indicated a superiority of T and VT warnings against a sole V warning, not only in general terms, but also separately for different visual orientations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1369-8478",
doi="10.1016/j.trf.2016.04.010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.04.010"
}