@article{ref1,
title="Male and female physical intimate partner violence and socio-economic position: a cross-sectional international multicentre study in Europe",
journal="Public health",
year="2016",
author="Costa, D. and Hatzidimitriadou, E. and Ioannidi-Kapolou, E. and Lindert, J. and Soares, J. J. F. and Sundin, Ö and Toth, O. and Barros, H.",
volume="139",
number="",
pages="44-52",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: This work explores the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and intimate partner violence (IPV) considering the perspectives of men and women as victims, perpetrators and as both (bidirectional). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional international multicentre study. <br><br>METHODS: A sample of 3496 men and women, (aged 18-64 years), randomly selected from the general population of residents from six European cities was assessed: Athens; Budapest; London; Östersund; Porto; and Stuttgart. Their education (primary, secondary and university), occupation (upper white collar, lower white collar and blue collar) and unemployment duration (never, ≤12 months and >12 months) were considered as SEP indicators and physical IPV was measured with the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales. <br><br>RESULTS: Past year physical IPV was declared by 17.7% of women (3.5% victims, 4.2% perpetrators and 10.0% bidirectional) and 19.8% of men (4.1% victims, 3.8% perpetrators and 11.9% bidirectional). Low educational level (primary vs university) was associated with female victimisation (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 3.2; 1.3-8.0) and with female bidirectional IPV (4.1, 2.4-7.1). Blue collar occupation (vs upper white) was associated with female victimisation (2.1, 1.1-4.0), female perpetration (3.0, 1.3-6.8) and female bidirectional IPV (4.0, 2.3-7.0). Unemployment duration was associated with male perpetration (>12 months of unemployment vs never unemployed: 3.8; 1.7-8.7) and with bidirectional IPV in both sex (women: 1.8, 1.2-2.7; men: 1.7, 1.0-2.8). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In these European centres, physical IPV was associated with a disadvantaged SEP. A consistent socio-economic gradient was observed in female bidirectional involvement, but victims or perpetrators-only presented gender specificities according to levels of education, occupation differentiation and unemployment duration potentially useful for designing interventions.<br><br>Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-3506",
doi="10.1016/j.puhe.2016.05.001",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.05.001"
}