@article{ref1,
title="A multilevel analysis of school climate, homophobic name-calling, and sexual harassment victimization/perpetration among middle school youth",
journal="Psychology of violence",
year="2016",
author="Rinehart, Sarah J. and Espelage, Dorothy L.",
volume="6",
number="2",
pages="213-222",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Using multiinformant, multilevel modeling, this study examines the association between teacher/staff perceptions of school environment and student reports of homophobic name-calling and sexual harassment. <br><br>METHOD: Surveys were conducted with 1,447 teachers/staff and 3,616 6th grade students across 36 middle schools in the Midwest. <br><br>RESULTS: Bivariate associations revealed that when teachers perceive schools as committed to bullying prevention, students reported less homophobic name-calling perpetration, sexual harassment perpetration, and sexual harassment victimization. When adults reported positive staff/student interactions, students endorsed lower levels of homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization and less sexual harassment perpetration. Higher teacher/staff reported gender equity was correlated with less homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization and sexual harassment perpetration. In a model with all school environment scales entered together, school commitment to prevent bullying was associated with less sexual harassment perpetration; in addition, higher gender equity and intolerance of sexual harassment at the school level was associated with fewer experiences of homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization and sexual harassment perpetration. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to address gendered harassment should include support from the school administration and professional development opportunities for all teachers and staff. Adults in the school should create a culture that is intolerant of sexual harassment and supports equality between the girls and boys in the school.   ©2016 American Psychological Association<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2152-0828",
doi="10.1037/a0039095",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039095"
}