@article{ref1,
title="From alcohol initiation to tolerance to problems: discordant twin modeling of a developmental process",
journal="Development and psychopathology",
year="2016",
author="Deutsch, Arielle R. and Slutske, Wendy S. and Lynskey, Michael T. and Bucholz, Kathleen K. and Madden, Pamela A. F. and Heath, Andrew C. and Martin, Nicholas G.",
volume="29",
number="3",
pages="845-861",
abstract="The current study examined a stage-based alcohol use trajectory model to test for potential causal effects of earlier drinking milestones on later drinking milestones in a combined sample of two cohorts of Australian monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins (N = 7,398, age M = 30.46, SD = 2.61, 61% male, 56% monozygotic twins). Ages of drinking, drunkenness, regular drinking, tolerance, first nontolerance alcohol use disorder symptom, and alcohol use disorder symptom onsets were assessed retrospectively. Ages of milestone attainment (i.e., age-of-onset) and time between milestones (i.e., time-to-event) were examined via frailty models within a multilevel discordant twin design. For age-of-onset models, earlier ages of onset of antecedent drinking milestones increased hazards for earlier ages of onset for more proximal subsequent drinking milestones. For the time-to-event models, however, earlier ages of onset for the &quot;starting&quot; milestone decreased risk for a shorter time period between the starting and the &quot;ending&quot; milestone. Earlier age of onset of intermediate milestones between starting and ending drinking milestones had the opposite effect, increasing risk for a shorter time period between the starting and ending milestones. These results are consistent with a causal effect of an earlier age of drinking milestone onset on temporally proximal subsequent drinking milestones.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0954-5794",
doi="10.1017/S0954579416000523",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000523"
}