@article{ref1,
title="Is migraine headache associated with concussion in athletes? A case-control study",
journal="Clinical journal of sport medicine",
year="2016",
author="Eckner, James T. and Seifert, Tad and Pescovitz, Allison and Zeiger, Max and Kutcher, Jeffrey S.",
volume="27",
number="3",
pages="266-270",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between migraine headache and concussion in athletes. <br><br>DESIGN: Case-control observational study. SETTING: A university-associated combined sports neurology and orthopedic sports medicine clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 221 male (n = 140) and female (n = 81) athletes aged 12 to 24 years, including 115 concussion cases (52%) and 106 orthopedic controls (48%), were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Participants completed a one-page questionnaire that recorded their age, sex, reason for visit (concussion vs any other injury), concussion history, and self/immediate family member migraine headache history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The odds of having a previous history of migraine headache were compared in the concussion group versus orthopedic controls. <br><br>RESULTS: Controlling for between-group differences in age and sex, there was a significant positive association between concussion group status and history of migraine headache [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-3.50. P = 0.039]. However, when including a previous concussion history in the statistical model, this relationship failed to reach significance [adjusted OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.89-3.16. P = 0.107]. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is an association between migraine headache and concussion in athletes, but the cause-effect nature of this relationship cannot be determined. Migraine headache should be considered a modifying factor when caring for concussed athletes.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1050-642X",
doi="10.1097/JSM.0000000000000346",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000346"
}