@article{ref1,
title="Randomized trial of group music therapy with Chinese prisoners: impact on anxiety, depression, and self-esteem",
journal="International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology",
year="2016",
author="Chen, Xi-Jing and Hannibal, Niels and Gold, Christian",
volume="60",
number="9",
pages="1064-1081",
abstract="This study investigated the effects of group music therapy on improving anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in Chinese prisoners. Two-hundred male prisoners were randomly assigned to music therapy (n = 100) or standard care (n = 100). The music therapy had 20 sessions of group therapy compared with standard care. Anxiety (State and Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]), depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), and self-esteem (Texas Social Behavior Inventory [TSBI], Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory [RSI]) were measured by standardized scales at baseline, mid-program, and post-program. Data were analyzed based on the intention to treat principle. Compared with standard care, anxiety and depression in the music therapy condition decreased significantly at mid-test and post-test; self-esteem improved significantly at mid-test (TSBI) and at post-test (TSBI, RSI). Improvements were greater in younger participants (STAI-Trait, RSI) and/or in those with a lower level of education (STAI-State, STAI-Trait). Group music therapy seems to be effective in improving anxiety, depression, and self-esteem and was shown to be most beneficial for prisoners of younger age or with lower education level.<br><br>© The Author(s) 2015.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0306-624X",
doi="10.1177/0306624X15572795",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15572795"
}