@article{ref1,
title="How strong is the "fake ID effect?" an examination using propensity score matching in two samples",
journal="Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research",
year="2016",
author="Stogner, John and Martinez, Julia A. and Miller, Bryan Lee and Sher, Kenneth J.",
volume="40",
number="12",
pages="2648-2655",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Underage college students who obtain and use false identification (fake ID) are at risk for negative outcomes. However, it is currently unclear how uniquely the fake ID itself serves as a vehicle to subsequent harm (i.e., the &quot;fake ID effect&quot;) over and above general and trait-related risk factors (e.g., deviant peers, low self-control). <br><br>METHODS: To investigate whether the &quot;fake ID effect&quot; would hold after accounting for phenotypic risk, we utilized propensity score matching (PSM) in a cross-sectional sample of 1,454 students, and a longitudinal replication sample of 3,720 undergraduates. Individuals with a fake ID were matched with individuals without a fake ID, in terms of a number of trait-based and social risk factors. These matched groups were then compared on 5 problematic outcomes (i.e., frequent binge drinking, alcohol-related problems, arrests, marijuana use, and hard drug use). <br><br>RESULTS: Findings showed that &quot;fake ID effects&quot; were substantially-although not fully-diminished following PSM. The &quot;fake ID effect&quot; remained strongest for alcohol-related arrests. This may relate to issues of enforcement and students' willingness to engage in deviant behavior with a fake ID, or it may be a function of combined processes. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings suggest that interventions should not only be aimed at reducing the fake ID-related alcohol access specifically, but should also be aimed more generally toward at-risk youths' access to alcohol. Future research might examine whether fake IDs have their strongest potency as moderators of the effects of risky traits-such as impulsiveness-on drinking outcomes.<br><br>Copyright © 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-6008",
doi="10.1111/acer.13240",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.13240"
}