@article{ref1,
title="Evidence for the infiltration of gas bubbles into the arterial circulation and neuronal injury following "yo-yo" dives in pigs",
journal="Journal of applied physiology",
year="2016",
author="Ofir, Dror and Yanir, Yoav and Mullokandov, Michael and Aviner, Ben and Arieli, Yehuda",
volume="121",
number="5",
pages="1059-1064",
abstract="&quot;Yo-yo&quot; diving may place divers at a greater risk of neurologic decompression illness (DCI). Using a rat model, we previously demonstrated that &quot;yo-yo&quot; diving has a protective effect against DCI. In the current study, we evaluated the risk of neurologic DCI following &quot;yo-yo&quot; dives in a pig model. Pigs were divided into four groups. The Control group (group A) made a square dive, without excursions to the surface (&quot;peeps&quot;). Group B performed two &quot;peeps,&quot; group C performed four &quot;peeps,&quot; and group D did not dive at all. All dives were conducted on air to 5 atm absolute, for 30-min bottom time. Echocardiography was performed to detect cardiac gas bubbles before the dive, immediately after, and at 90-min postdive. Motor performance was observed during the 5-h postdive period. Symptoms increased dramatically following a dive with four &quot;peeps.&quot; Gas bubbles were detected in the right ventricle of all animals except for the sham group and in the left ventricle only after the four-peep dive. Neuronal cell injury was found in the spinal cord in each of the three experimental groups, tending to decrease with an increase in the number of &quot;peeps.&quot; A four-peep &quot;yo-yo&quot; dive significantly increased the risk of neurologic DCI in pigs. Following a four-peep dive, we detected a higher incidence of bubbles in the left ventricle, supporting the common concern regarding an increased risk of neurologic DCI, albeit there was no direct correlation with the frequency of &quot;red neurons&quot; in the spinal cord.<br><br>Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="8750-7587",
doi="10.1152/japplphysiol.00392.2016",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00392.2016"
}