@article{ref1,
title="The relationships of childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse and injection drug use",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2016",
author="Quinn, Kelly and Boone, Lauren and Scheidell, Joy D. and Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro and McGorray, Susan P. and Beharie, Nisha and Cottler, Linda B. and Khan, Maria R.",
volume="169",
number="",
pages="190-198",
abstract="BACKGROUND: We examined associations between childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse (PPRM) and injection drug use (IDU) in a nationally-representative U.S. sample to further understanding of factors associated with these epidemics. <br><br>METHODS: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data (N=12,288) yielded nine childhood traumas: neglect; emotional, physical, sexual abuse; parental incarceration and binge drinking; witnessed, threatened with, and experienced violence. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals for the association of each trauma and cumulative trauma and drug initiation in emerging and later adulthood. <br><br>RESULTS: Outcome prevalences were 20% (PPRM) and 1% (IDU) in emerging adulthood and 10% PPRM in adulthood. We observed dose-response relationships that varied across outcomes. Cumulative trauma (referent=none) was associated with 34-79% greater odds of PPRM (emerging adulthood) across one to five+ trauma categories. The gradient was most consistent and associations strongest for adulthood PPRM: one trauma AOR=1.46(1.12, 1.91); two AOR=1.71(1.23, 2.36); three AOR=2.16(1.43, 2.36); four AOR=2.70(1.42, 5.62); five+ AOR=3.09(1.52, 6.30). Dose-response was less consistent for IDU, but 4 and 5+ traumas were associated with approximately seven and five times the odds of IDU. Neglect, emotional abuse, and parental incarceration and binge drinking were associated with 25-55% increased odds of PPRM. Sexual abuse and witnessed violence were associated with nearly 3 and 5 times the odds of IDU. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Associations between childhood trauma and PPRM/IDU highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions for drug users and early trauma screening and treatment for prevention of drug misuse over the life course.<br><br>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.021",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.021"
}