@article{ref1,
title="Causes of death among cancer patients",
journal="Annals of oncology",
year="2016",
author="Zaorsky, N. G. and Churilla, T. M. and Egleston, B. L. and Fisher, S. G. and Ridge, J. A. and Horwitz, E. M. and Md, Je Meyer",
volume="28",
number="2",
pages="400-407",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to characterize the causes of death among cancer patients as a function of objectives: (I) calendar year, (II) patient age, and (III) time after diagnosis. <br><br>PATIENTS AND METHODS: US death certificate data in SEER Stat 8.2.1 were used to categorize cancer patient death as being due to index-cancer, non-index-cancer, and non-cancer cause from 1973 to 2012. In addition, data were characterized with standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), which provide the relative risk of death compared to all persons. <br><br>RESULTS: The greatest relative decrease in index-cancer death (generally from > 60% to < 30%) was among those with cancers of the testis, kidney, bladder, endometrium, breast, cervix, prostate, ovary, anus, colorectum, melanoma, and lymphoma. Index-cancer deaths were stable (typically > 40%) among patients with cancers of the liver, pancreas, esophagus, and lung, and brain. Non-cancer causes of death were highest in patients with cancers of the colorectum, bladder, kidney, endometrium, breast, prostate, testis; > 40% of deaths from heart disease. The highest SMRs were from non-bacterial infections, particularly among < 50 year olds (e.g. SMR > 1,000 for lymphomas, p < 0.001). The highest SMRs were typically within the first year after cancer diagnosis (SMRs 10 - 10,000, p < 0.001). Prostate cancer patients had increasing SMRs from Alzheimer's disease, as did testicular patients from suicide. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The risk of death from index- and non-index-cancers varies widely among primary sites. Risk of non-cancer deaths now surpasses that of cancer deaths, particularly for young patients in the year after diagnosis.<br><br>© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0923-7534",
doi="10.1093/annonc/mdw604",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw604"
}