@article{ref1,
title="Fault activation by hydraulic fracturing in western Canada",
journal="Science",
year="2016",
author="Bao, Xuewei and Eaton, David W.",
volume="354",
number="6318",
pages="1406-1409",
abstract="Hydraulic fracturing has been inferred to trigger the majority of injection-induced earthquakes in western Canada, in contrast to the midwestern United States where massive saltwater disposal is the dominant triggering mechanism. A template-based earthquake catalog from a seismically active Canadian shale play, combined with comprehensive injection data during a 4-month interval, shows that earthquakes are tightly clustered in space and time near hydraulic fracturing sites. The largest event [moment magnitude (MW) 3.9] occurred several weeks after injection along a fault that appears to extend from the injection zone into crystalline basement. Patterns of seismicity indicate that stress changes during operations can activate fault slip to an offset distance of >1 km, whereas pressurization by hydraulic fracturing into a fault yields episodic seismicity that can persist for months.<br><br>Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0036-8075",
doi="10.1126/science.aag2583",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2583"
}