@article{ref1,
title="Ocular traumas in working age adults in Finland - Helsinki Ocular Trauma Study",
journal="Acta ophthalmologica",
year="2016",
author="Leivo, Tiina and Holopainen, Juha M. and Haavisto, Anna-Kaisa and Sahraravand, Ahmad",
volume="95",
number="3",
pages="288-294",
abstract="PURPOSE: To describe epidemiology, causes, treatments and outcomes of ocular injuries in adults aged 17 to 60 in southern Finland. <br><br>METHODS: All new ocular trauma patients admitted to the Helsinki University Eye Hospital (HUEH), during 1 year in 2011-2012. The data were from hospital records and prospectively from patient questionnaires. The follow-up time was 3 months. <br><br>RESULTS: The incidence for ocular injury was 88/100 000/year. From 831 trauma patients, 80% were men, 34% were work-related injuries, and 11% were assaults. Most of the injuries were minor traumas (54%). Contusions (22.5%) and chemical injuries and burns (13%) were common. Fractures (5%), lid wounds (3%), open globe injuries (OGI, 2%) and optic nerve injuries (0.5%) were rare. The main causes of ocular injury were superficial foreign bodies (33%), chemicals (13%), body parts (13%) and sports equipment (10%). The most dangerous objects were needles, stones, pellet guns, tools and guns. No patient with OGI used protective eyewear. All OGI and most of contusions needed a lifelong follow-up. Permanent impairment (73 patients, 9%) was caused most often by body parts, sports equipment and work tools. <br><br>CONCLUSION: A typical ocular trauma patient was a man aged 31-45 with a minor trauma caused by a foreign body at work and a final visual acuity of 20/20. Most common serious injuries were contusion, OGI or fracture at home or at work and were caused by a body part, sport equipment or work tool. Factors causing common and serious eye injuries provide the targets for protective measures.<br><br>© 2016 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1755-375X",
doi="10.1111/aos.13313",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.13313"
}