@article{ref1,
title="Independent natural genetic variation of punishment- versus relief-memory",
journal="Biology letters",
year="2016",
author="Appel, Mirjam and Scholz, Claus-Jürgen and Kocabey, Samet and Savage, Sinead and König, Christian and Yarali, Ayse",
volume="12",
number="12",
pages="e0657-e0657",
abstract="A painful event establishes two opponent memories: cues that are associated with pain onset are remembered negatively, whereas cues that coincide with the relief at pain offset acquire positive valence. Such punishment- versus relief-memories are conserved across species, including humans, and the balance between them is critical for adaptive behaviour with respect to pain and trauma. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster as a study case, we found that both punishment- and relief-memories display natural variation across wild-derived inbred strains, but they do not covary, suggesting a considerable level of dissociation in their genetic effectors. This provokes the question whether there may be heritable inter-individual differences in the balance between these opponent memories in man, with potential psycho-clinical implications.<br><br>© 2016 The Authors.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1744-9561",
doi="10.1098/rsbl.2016.0657",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0657"
}