@article{ref1,
title="Association of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
journal="Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews",
year="2016",
author="Bernhard, Anka and Martinelli, Anne and Ackermann, Katharina and Saure, Daniel and Freitag, Christine M.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To summarize findings of previous studies on the prevalence of trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Conduct Disorder (CD). <br><br>METHOD: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. Ebsco and PubMed databases were searched from January 1980 until April 2016, employing relevant keywords. <br><br>RESULTS: Nine studies from western industrialized countries met inclusion criteria. Data of four clinical studies in children and adolescents was aggregated by meta-analysis, resulting in a lifetime PTSD prevalence of 11% (95% CI: 7-17%) in CD, with higher rates in females than males. Similar prevalence rates were observed in a population based study in adults. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Studies on the association of trauma, PTSD and CD are scarce. Still, an increased rate of PTSD in CD, especially in females, was observed. The high rate of PTSD in CD may be due to shared risk factors; furthermore, CD might increase the risk for comorbid PTSD due to CD inherent risk taking behavior. To study pathways of risk, especially longitudinal studies are necessary.<br><br>Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0149-7634",
doi="10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.019",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.019"
}