@article{ref1,
title="Visual map and instruction-based bicycle navigation: a comparison of effects on behaviour",
journal="Ergonomics",
year="2017",
author="de Waard, Dick and Westerhuis, Frank and Joling, Danielle and Weiland, Stella and Stadtbäumer, Ronja and Kaltofen, Leonie",
volume="60",
number="9",
pages="1283-1296",
abstract="Cycling with a classic paper map was compared with navigating with a moving map displayed on a smartphone, and with auditory, and visual turn-by-turn route guidance. Spatial skills were found to be related to navigation performance, however only when navigating from a paper or electronic map, not with turn-by-turn (instruction based) navigation. While navigating, 25% of the time cyclists fixated at the devices that present visual information. Navigating from a paper map required most mental effort and both young and older cyclists preferred electronic over paper map navigation. In particular a turn-by-turn dedicated guidance device was favoured. Visual maps are in particular useful for cyclists with higher spatial skills. Turn-by-turn information is used by all cyclists, and it is useful to make these directions available in all devices. Practitioner Summary Electronic navigation devices are preferred over a paper map. People with lower spatial skills benefit most from turn-by-turn guidance information, presented either auditory or on a dedicated device. People with higher spatial skills perform well with all devices. It is advised to keep in mind that all users benefit from turn-by-turn information when developing a navigation device for cyclists.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0014-0139",
doi="10.1080/00140139.2017.1282628",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1282628"
}