@article{ref1,
title="Concussion-like symptom reporting in non-concussed collegiate athletes",
journal="Archives of clinical neuropsychology",
year="2017",
author="Asken, Breton M. and Snyder, Aliyah R. and Clugston, James R. and Gaynor, Leslie S. and Sullan, Molly J. and Bauer, Russell M.",
volume="32",
number="8",
pages="963-971",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Non-concussed individuals may report a variety of concussion-like symptoms even in the absence of a diagnosed brain injury. Previous studies described concussion-like symptom reporting in adolescent athletes. This study provides complementary data on concussion-like symptoms in collegiate athletes. <br><br>METHODS: We analyzed baseline symptom scales from 738 collegiate athletes (452 men and 286 women) who completed either the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, 3 Symptom Evaluation (S3SE; n = 377) or the Post-Concussion Scale (PCS; n = 361) and determined if subjects met criteria for diagnosis of International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) postconcussional syndrome. Symptoms were grouped as somatic, cognitive, emotional, or sleep-related. We analyzed associations with medical history factors using chi-square analyses, and examined recovery time of a subset of concussed athletes based on baseline symptomatology (n = 117) with independent samples t-test. <br><br>RESULTS: Across all athletes, 120 (16.3%) reported baseline symptoms meeting criteria for ICD-10 postconcussional syndrome. Women were 1.7 times more likely to meet these criteria (21.7% vs. 12.8%, p =.002). Athletes completing the S3SE were 1.5 times more likely to meet criteria than those completing the PCS (p =.011). Previously diagnosed psychiatric disorder was significantly associated with emotional domain symptom reporting, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder diagnosis was associated with cognitive domain symptom reporting. On average, athletes meeting ICD-10 postconcussional syndrome criteria at baseline experienced longer recovery from concussion (t[115] = 2.35, p =.020). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Non-concussed collegiate athletes report concussion-like symptoms at a clinically significant rate. Pre-injury medical history and reporting rates of concussion-like symptoms may explain variance in post-concussion symptom expression. Measured incidence of baseline postconcussional syndrome may, in part, depend on the symptom report measure that is used.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0887-6177",
doi="10.1093/arclin/acx018",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx018"
}