@article{ref1,
title="Genital and anal injuries: a cross-sectional Australian study of 1266 women alleging recent sexual assault",
journal="Forensic science international",
year="2017",
author="Zilkens, Renate R. and Smith, Debbie A. and Phillips, Maureen A. and Mukhtar, S. Aqif and Semmens, James B. and Kelly, Maire C.",
volume="275",
number="",
pages="195-202",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of genital and anal injury and associated demographic and assault characteristics in women alleging sexual assault. <br><br>DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Sexual Assault Resource Centre (SARC), Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Total of 1266 women attending SARC from Jan-2009 to Mar-2015. <br><br>METHODS: Women underwent a standardised data collection procedure by forensically trained doctors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Frequency of genital and anal injuries by type of sexual assault. (2) Identification of independent factors associated with genital and anal injuries following, respectively, completed vaginal and anal penetration. <br><br>RESULTS: Genital injury was observed in 24.5% of all women with reported completed vaginal penetration; in a subset with no prior sexual intercourse 52.1% had genital injury. Genital injury was more likely with no prior sexual intercourse (adjusted odds ratio [adj. OR] 4.4, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 2.4-8.0), multiple types of penetrants (adj. OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.0-2.1), if general body injury present and less likely with sedative use and delayed examination. Anal injury, observed in 27.0% of reported completed anal penetrations, was more likely with multiple types of penetrants (adjusted OR 5.0, 95%CI 1.2-21.0), if general body injury present and less likely with delayed examination. <br><br>CONCLUSION: This study separately quantifies the frequency of both genital and anal injuries in sexually assaulted women. Genital injuries were absent in a large proportion of women regardless of prior vaginal intercourse status. It is anticipated that findings will better inform the community, police and medico-legal evidence to the criminal justice system.<br><br>Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0379-0738",
doi="10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.03.013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.03.013"
}